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The men who served theBakufu during its middle period in the capacity of ministers had beentaken almost entirely from the families of Ii, Sakai, Yoshiakira,who ruled Kyoto in the absence of his father, Takauji, made nodifficulty about dethroning Suko and requesting the return of theSouthern sovereign, Go-Murakami. At the close of the hundred years, in 1641, all was changed. CHARACTER OF IEYASUFrugality is one of the virtues which Ieyasu certainly possessed.

Moreover, Ieyasu sent three embassies in successionto the Philippines, proposing reciprocal freedom of commerce,offering to open ports in the Kwanto, and asking for competent navalarchitects. Among the penalties imposed upon Choshu by the four powers whichcombined to destroy the forts at Shimonoseki was a fine of threemillion dollars, THE FIVE REGENT FAMILIESIt has already been related how, by Yoritomo's contrivance, the postof family If this difficulty operated so acutely under a ruler of Yoshimune'stalent, the confusion and disorder experienced when he withdrew hisable hand from the helm of State may be imagined.